Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Stanford Report, June 14, 2005

'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal.

Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Dogged lives

When I was based in Budapest, I used to have lengthy conversation about life with Miklos, a close Hungarian friend of mine. Miklos had often wondered why many Singaporeans could bear to trade their dignity for career advancement. In Europe, a person's dignity counts more than anything. One of the things he said still struck me: "If you allow yourself to be treated like a dog, then you deserved to be treated like a dog."

The Pianist in the shopping mall

This is an excerpt from the latest Paulo Coehlo's book, "Like a flowing river", that I am currently reading.

"The pianist plays two more Chopin sonatas, then pieces by Schubert and Mozart. He must be around thirty. A notice besides the stage explains that he is a famous musician from Georgia, one of the ex-Soviet republics. He must have looked for work, found all doors closed, despaired, given up and now he is in this mall. His eyes are fixed on the magical world where music was composed; his hands share all his love, his soul, his enthusiasm, the very best of himself, all his years of study, concentration and discipline. The one thing he appears not to have understood is that no one, absolutely no one, has gone there to listen to him; they have gone there to buy, to eat, to pass the time, to window-shop, or to meet friends."

My mentor, William, had always reminded us not to be bothered by the remarks of critics. (Oh...some of them are so awfully biased. how can they be theatre critics in the first place?) And even if there is only one person in that audience, we should always be sincere to ourself, and perform to our utmost best.

LA MARIONETA

This is a very beautiful poem that I once translated during a spanish class. It was widely circulated on the Internet in 2001, and purported to be the last letter written by the great Columbian writer, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, dying of cancer, to all his friends. This was later reported to be a hoax and Marquez had never written this. Nevertheless, it's still a very beautiful piece of work that I wanna hoard.


LA MARIONETA

Si por un instante Dios se olvidara de que soy una marioneta de trapo
y me regalara un trozo de vida,
posiblemente no diría todo lo que pienso,
pero en definitiva pensaría todo lo que digo.

Daría valor a las cosas, no por lo que valen, sino por lo que significan.
Dormiría poco, soñaría más,
entiendo que por cada minuto que cerramos los ojos,
perdemos sesenta segundos de luz.

Andaría cuando los demás se detienen,
Despertaría cuando los demás duermen.
Escucharía cuando los demás hablan,
y cómo disfrutaría de un buen helado de chocolate.

Si Dios me obsequiara un trozo de vida,
Vestiría sencillo, me tiraría de bruces al sol,
dejando descubierto, no solamente mi cuerpo sino mi alma.
Dios mío, si yo tuviera un corazón,
escribiría mi odio sobre hielo,
y esperaría a que saliera el sol.

Pintaría con un sueño de Van Gogh
sobre las estrellas un poema de Benedetti,
y una canción de Serrat sería la serenata
que les ofrecería a la luna.

Regaría con lágrimas las rosas,
para sentir el dolor de sus espinas,
y el encarnado beso de sus pétalo...
Dios mío, si yo tuviera un trozo de vida...

No dejaría pasar un solo día
sin decirle a la gente que quiero, que la quiero.
Convencería a cada mujer u hombre de que son mis favoritos
y viviría enamorado del amor.

A los hombres les probaría cuán equivocados están,
al pensar que dejan de enamorarse cuando envejecen,
sin saber que envejecen cuando dejan de enamorarse.
A un niño le daría alas,
pero le dejaría que él solo aprendiese a volar.

A los viejos les enseñaría que la muerte
no llega con la vejez sino con el olvido.
Tantas cosas he aprendido de ustedes, los hombres
He aprendido que todo el mundo quiere vivir
en la cima de la montaña,
Sin saber que la verdadera felicidad está
en la forma de subir la escarpada.

He aprendido que cuando un recién nacido
aprieta con su pequeño puño, por vez primera,
el dedo de su padre,
lo tiene atrapado por siempre.

He aprendido que un hombre
sólo tiene derecho a mirar a otro hacia abajo,
cuando ha de ayudarle a levantarse.
Son tantas cosas las que he podido aprender de ustedes,
pero realmente de mucho no habrán de servir,
porque cuando me guarden dentro de esa maleta,
infelizmente me estaré muriendo.

English translation:

The Rag Doll

If for an instant God has forgotten that I am made of a rag doll,
and had given me a piece of life, possibly I would not say all that I think,
but I would definitely think of all that I have to say.

I would value things, not for their worth but for their significance.
I would sleep a little less, dream more,
understanding that for each minute we close our eyes
we lose sixty seconds of light.

I would walk when others hold back,
I would wake when others sleep.
I would listen when others talk,
and how I would enjoy a good chocolate ice cream!

If God were to give me a piece of life,
I would dress simply, throw myself face first into the sun,
baring not only my body but also my soul.
My God, if I had a heart, I would write my hate on ice,
and wait for the sun to show.

Over the stars, I would paint with the dream of Van Gogh, a poem of Benedette,
and a Serrat song would be the serenade I’d offer to the moon.
I would give my tears to water the roses,
to feel the pain of their thorns, and the red kiss of their petals...

My god, if I had a piece of life...
I wouldn’t let a single day pass without telling the people I love that I love them.
I would convince each woman and each man that they are my favorites,
and I would live in love with love.

I would show men how very wrong they are
to think that they cease to be in love when they grow old,
not knowing that they grow old when they cease to be in love!

To a child I shall give wings,
but I shall let him learn to fly on his own.
I would teach the old that death does not come with old age, but with forgetting.
So much have I learned from you, oh men...
I have learnt that everyone wants to live on the peak of the mountain,
without knowing that real happiness comes from the process of scaling it.

I have learnt that when a newborn child squeezes for the first time with his tiny fist,
his father’s finger, he has him captivated forever.

I have learnt that a man has the right to look down on another
only when he has to help the other get to his feet.
From you I have learned so many things,
but in truth they won’t be of much use,
for when I keep them within this suitcase, unhappily I shall be dying.